Good Night and Good Luck

Hello all,

Today is my last post on A New Approach for class.  The blog will go on a hiatus for at least the summer, although I would like to continue it in some fashion in the future.  

I hope that A New Approach succeeded in its goal of presenting the immigration debate in a new light, one that places greater importance on the human cost of not reforming the current system. 

The current system has created a black market for human smuggling, and violent "coyotes" have taken the market over with ruthless tactics and little regard for human life.  Making legal immigration easier would lessen the number of immigrants who put their safety in the hands of people who see them as dollar signs and little else. 

Reform is also needed to stem the "reverse brain-drain" phenomenon that our country is currently experiencing.  Skilled and intelligent immigrants who have come to the United States to study and work and being denied permanent residency by the thousands.  These workers provide huge net gains for the economy, and their departure leaves a hole in the economy that we simply cannot fill.

For those two reasons alone the U.S. immigration system needs to be reformed, not tomorrow, not next week, but today.  When you consider the emotional pain caused by workplace raids and the separation of families, as well as the resources and attention diverted from true public safety concerns to enforcing current immigration laws, it becomes obvious that a path to amnesty has to be included in any reform. Otherwise, we are just ignoring the elephant in the room while sweeping around it.  

Hopefully by the next time I post there will have been some meaningful progress in this direction.  The longer the problem drags on the harder and harder it will be to deal with it.    

 

Looking North for a Solution

Immigration reform has been debated ad-nauseam, and there have been many theoretical solutions discussed that seem smart and plausible.

The problem is that no one knows for sure whether or not these reforms will actually work how they are intended to. What an incredible waste of time and effort it would be if an immigration reform bill made its way all the way through Congress and onto President Obama's desk, only for it to fail or create a new set of bigger problems down the line.

One solution to this would be to ignore our desire to blaze a new path and to instead imitate what other countries in the world are doing. What to do about a mass influx of immigrants is hardly a dilemma unique to the United States; all the top economies are destinations for people looking to emigrate.

In fact, the situation in Western Europe with immigrants from Africa shares many similarities with immigrants to the United States from Mexico and Central America. But, unfortunately, the countries of Western Europe have also had many of the same outbursts of xenophobia within their native populations that has also hindered smart immigration policy. They may not offer the best model for reform.

Australia and New Zealand have long been top destinations for immigrants, but for a compassionate and functional immigration system we need not look so far away. We just need to follow the lead of our neighbors to the north.

First, let's start with the numbers.  Canada has admitted more than 200,000 immigrants in each of the past 10 years, while the United States has admitted an average of about 1 million immigrants per year since 2000.

While the U.S. admits a greater total number of immigrants, because Canada's population is around 30 million compared the U.S.'s population of 300 million, Canada actually gives citizenship to twice as many immigrants per capita per year.  

According to many anti-immigrations proponents in the United States, this must mean disaster for Canada's economy since it is surely overburdened by so many immigrants. 

But reality doesn't bear that out. Canada has the world's 11th largest economy in terms of Gross Domestic Product at 1.5 trillion dollars in 2008.

Canada's immigration policy has three main categories: economic, family reunificiation, and refugees.  According to an article from the Council on Foreign Relations, from 1990 to 2002 49 percent of immigrants came from the economic category, 34 percent from family reunification, and 13 percent from the refugee category.  

Canada figured out a clever way to keep its economy strong by balancing economic immigrants with other types of immigrants. 

This should absolutely incorporated into the U.S. system.  In an earlier post I wrote about the U.S.'s systemic problems that have forced many professionally skilled immigrants to return to their home countries despite being in great demand and that they would benefit the U.S. economy greatly. 

Canada's policy, combined with the appeal of the U.S. and its colleges, could be used to boost the economy and innovation, while also allowing more refugees and family members to come to the U.S. without being an economic burden.

It really would be a win-win situation.  The economic benefits of granting citizenship to every doctor, engineer, and scientist that wants to come here to work would be enormous, while the social and moral benefits of allowing more people in who are looking for a better life or fleeing atrocity would help return America to its place at the top of compassionate nations.       

An Update on Immigration Enforcement Policies

Following up on last week's post, United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement is expected to issue new rules for local and state police that enforce immigration law.

An article from the Migration Policy Institute says new guidelines will instruct agencies participating in the 287 (g) program to focus on immigrants with criminal convictions rather than those just here illegally.

The 287 (g) program was created in 1996 to allow some local law enforcement agencies to enforce immigration law. While some agencies have only used their expanded po

wers under 287 (g) to find out the immigration status of convicted felons, others have used them in day to day interactions with the community, meaning people who come into contact with the police for offenses as minor as speeding tickets have been deported.

Police departments have also criticized the program for diverting resources away from more pressing public safety concerns and for damaging the relationship between the police and the community.

The face of the program has become Maricopa County Sherrif Joe Arpaio because of his aggressive enforcement of immigration law. The article says the Justice Department is

conducting an investigation of his department.

I think the new rules are both more sensible and more humane. It makes sense to go after the people who have been convicted of a felony before you go after the person who is just here trying to make a living. The new rules, if properly advertised, could help improve the relationship between undocumented immigrants and the police because people may be more willing to talk to the police knowing they won't be asked about their immigration status if they haven't done anything wrong.

These steps by Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, along with reviewing workplace raids, should come as welcome signs that the new administration is serious about immigration reform. Even if President Obama can't convince Congress to agree on a complete overhaul of the system for several years, or ever, making changes within the current system is an improvement for the time being and a step in the right direction.

Napolitano Delays Immigration Raids

Former Arizona governor Janet Napolitano, now the Homeland Security Secretary, has delayed immigration raids in what may be a sign of a changed enforcement strategy. In an article that ran Sunday in the Washington Post, a senior department official said the focus will shift more to businesses and executives rather than ordinary workers.

Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi also spoke out against immigration raids as well. She is quoted in the same article attempting to highlight the human cost of workplace raids:

"Raids that break up families in that way, just kick in the door in the middle of the night, taking [a] father, a parent away, that's just not the American way. It must stop."

I think these are great signs of progress. Workplace raids are one of the most tragic examples of the flaws in the current immigration system and its enforcement. Instead of addressing the real problems, workplace raids merely punish the the most vulnerable while letting those truly responsible off the hook. And yet they are held up as tangible proof of our tough border policy in action.

The same article quotes Rep. Lamar Smith saying that by deciding to mobilize 450 federal agents to the border in response to violence by Mexican drug cartels, President Obama ""appears to be using border violence as an excuse" to decrease immigration enforcement within the country's borders.

The notion that workplace raids, which are little more than a show of force, serve any real enforcement or national security purpose would be laughable if they weren't so traumatizing. The raids are an attempt to scare undocumented immigrants into hiding by terrorizing a small group of hardworking people. How anyone could mistake these efforts for a smart use of finite resources is beyond me.

Cardinal Asks President to Stop Immigration Raids

At a prayer forum organized by the Archdiocese of Chicago and immigrant rights groups, Cardinal Francis George asked President Barack Obama to stop immigration raids, saying, ""We cannot strengthen families when people live in fear from day to day." You can read the Chicago Tribune story by Gerry Smith here.  

Smith also writes that George called for fair and compassionate immigration reform, saying it is a "matter of conscience."

"May this be the year that raids and separation of families top," he said.  "May this be the year that our legislators pass comprehensive immigration reform."

There are signs that the president may be listening.  In another Tribune article, Obama said to the Congressional Hispanic Caucus  was going to introduce a new strategy for "comprehensive immigration reform" in the coming weeks.  But as an indication of how controversial the immigration issue is for politicians, Obama did not promise to end current enforcement measures, including raids, immediately.

However, U.S. Representative Luis Gutierrez, who was present at both the Congressional Hispanic Congress meeting and the prayer forum in Chicago, believes Obama is for comprehensive reform.

"He's with us on this issue," he said.  "He is our ally."

If this is true, then all signs show that Obama better be ready for a fight.  

Smith wrote that outside of Our Lady of Mercy Church in Chicago, where Cardinal George asked Obama to end raids, a protest organized by the Chicago Minutemen Project argued that illegal immigration took jobs away from Americans.  

In the midst of an economic crisis and skyrocketing unemployment, these arguments could strike a nerve with voters and impede progress for immigration reform.  Obama may have to decide between doing what needs to be done and what is popular with voters. 

Here is a video of Cardinal George speaking briefly about immigration reform in early March.

President Obama and Immigration Reform

President Barack Obama has a lot on his plate right now, with the American economy collapsing and two wars in the Middle East. As a result he has said little, and done even less, on the topic of immigration reform.

Now this is not an indictment of him at all, he has been president for less than two months and he has to prioritize. I think that in this era of internet news and 24 hour cable news stations the way progress and achievement are perceived has been thrown way out of sync, and that everyone needs to step back and give actions time to either succeed or fail, or fall somewhere in between the two, before evaluating the president's actions. As the saying goes, "a watched pot never boils."

But President Obama will have to address the immigration problem sooner or later, hopefully sooner because I think a lot of other problems can be solved by smart and sensible immigration reform. What will Obama's views be on the subject? Let's take a look at some of his past statements on immigration. From 2007 while campaigning:



He shows a good understanding of the real problems associated with the current immigration system and not just generalizations. I also like that he said, "The notion that we are going to round up 12 million people is unrealistic." He also presents a smart, albeit vague, 5 step plan for bringing undocumented immigrants out of hiding and onto the path to citizenship. But this was during his campaign, and two years ago, and as a result should be taken with a grain of salt as viewpoints tend to change as voters' opinions do. Here he is during a debate with Hillary Clinton in 2008:



He scores more points with me with his assertion that blaming problems on immigrants is scapegoating. But both of these came during the campaign, what will he do now that he has been elected and needs to actually take action on the problem.

On the White House website a five part plan is given for immigration reform, but lacks any explanations for how the changes will be accomplished. From the website:

Create Secure Borders: Protect the integrity of our borders. Support additional personnel, infrastructure and technology on the border and at our ports of entry.

Improve Our Immigration System: Fix the dysfunctional immigration bureaucracy and increase the number of legal immigrants to keep families together and meet the demand for jobs that employers cannot fill.

Remove Incentives to Enter Illegally: Remove incentives to enter the country illegally by cracking down on employers who hire undocumented immigrants.

Bring People Out of the Shadows: Support a system that allows undocumented immigrants who are in good standing to pay a fine, learn English, and go to the back of the line for the opportunity to become citizens.

Work with Mexico: Promote economic development in Mexico to decrease illegal immigration.

I agree with all of these points, however I believe immigration reform will be an even greater obstacle than health care reform and entitlement reform. And both of those are shaping up to be epic battles. But while most people agree that health care and entitlement programs are in serious need of drastic changes, the same cannot be said about immigration for some parts of our society. Whether the cause is xenophobia, insecurity about jobs, or racism, there are people who believe we should kick everyone out and close our borders completely. These people are vocal and unwavering in their positions, and have a lot of clout in Congress and the media, and I can only hope President Obama has the determination to see immigration reform all the way through. Because with opponents like these, immigraton reform will be a long and unimaginably difficult battle.

Current Policy Allows Coyotes to Prosper

I have attempted to show on this blog that the current border policy in the United States hurts both those who wish to immigrate and the United States itself. The long, complicated process deters many immigrants from attempting to go through the system, and as a result the U.S. misses out on many workers, both skilled and unskilled, that our economy desperately needs. Not to mention the incalculable contributions that immigrants make to American culture, which has always benefited from a wide variety of ingredients to make it a "melting pot" that is envied throughout the world.

But this is not to say that no one is benefiting from our draconian border policy, in fact one group of criminals is thriving because of it. People smugglers, or "Coyotes" as they are called in the southwestern United States, exist mainly because the current immigration process is so painstakingly long, and even pointless, for many who aspire to immigrant to the U.S. The process takes years and there is no guarantee of ever getting a visa, especially if you are poor and only marginally educated.

As a result, many decide to cross the border illegally, sometimes enlisting the help of a coyote. These coyotes are sometimes hailed as heroes for helping people start a better life in the U.S., however underneath this Robin Hood like perception lies a reality filled with violence, abuse and exploitation.

As people smuggling has become more profitable, the fee charged per immigrant has increased from around $200 to $1,500, according to an article in the Los Angeles Times, honest and independent coyotes are being muscled out by violent drug cartels and organized gangs.

"This used to be a family business. The coyote and the migrant were from the same town; they were connected. Now, because of the so-called security needs of the border, what's been created is this structure of smuggling in the hands of really nasty people who only treat the migrant as a commodity," said Carlos Vélez-Ibáñez, chair of the department of transborder studies at Arizona State University, in an article in the San Francisco Chronicle.

The drug cartels have also merged their drug trafficking and people smuggling operations, forcing immigrants to transport drugs as their fee for crossing, according to the same article.

These new organizations have little sympathy for their clients, and many are malnourished, dehydrated, and even abandoned during their journey to the U.S. Violence between gangs has also increased, including a shootout on Interstate 10 in 2003 during which four coyotes were killed, according to an article in the Arizona Republic.

The same article says that smugglers were much less common a decade ago and instead immigrants were helped by other immigrants for much less money. But as federal authorities started cracking down, people smugglers have increased to help immigrants navigate the more complicated route to the United States.

The relatively new phenomenon of organized people smuggling, coinciding with stricter enforcement on the border, shows that eliminating the problem is as simple as eliminating the smugglers clientele. The creation of a guest worker program would go a long way towards keeping powerless people out of the clutches of powerful, and ruthless, drug cartels.

A Reverse Brain Drain

Until now A New Approach has focused more on the humanitarian aspect of immigration reform, and it will continue to do so in the future because I feel that it is the most urgent reason for reform.

However, it is certainly not the only reason for a new immigration policy. There are enormous economic benefits as well. One of the benefits would be a decrease in the "reverse brain drain" phenomenon that the United States is currently experiencing for the first time in its history.

A brain drain is the loss of skilled and technical workers to another country. This usually benefits global powers like the United States and Britain to the detriment of developing countries like India and South Africa. Many of the most talented doctors, engineers and scientists leave their homelands for better opportunities in more prosperous countries.

In a BusinessWeek article, Vivek Wadhwa wrote that research by his team at Duke University showed that more than 1 million highly skilled professionals and their families were applying for only 120,000 permanent-resident visas in 2007.

Wadwha wrote "These individuals entered the country legally to study or to work. They contributed to U.S. economic growth and global competitiveness. Now we've set the stage for them to return to countries such as India and China, where the economies are booming and their skills are in great demand. U.S. businesses large and small stand to lose critical talent, and workers who have gained valuable experience and knowledge of American industry may become potential competitors."

He says the problem is simple, that there aren't enough permanent visas available for the amount of skilled professionals that want to work in this country. And because the number of visas that can be issued to workers from any single country is capped at 10,000, "countries with the largest populations such as India and China are allocated the same number of visas as Iceland and Mongolia."

Now you might be saying, "so what?" These people are highly educated and should be able to find work wherever they go. Well the benefits of such workers, and losses when they leave, are enormous.

Wadwha cites an estimate by Richard Devon of Pennsylvania State University of $200,000 as the amount invested in someone who has earned a bachelor's degree in engineering. That means the United States gains billions of dollars when educated professionals leave their countries to live in the U.S., and loses that money when they return home.

On top of that, more than half of the technology companies started in Silicon Valley from 1995 to 2006 were founded by immigrants. These companies have 450,000 employees and generated $52 billion in revenue in 2006. A related article by John Tozzi further describes the importance of immigrant entrepreneurs.

Wadwha's research also found that one quarter of patent applications in 2006 listed a foreign national living in the U.S. as the inventor. These inventors were not the entrepreneurs, but rather PhD students and employees of U.S. corporations on temporary visas.

Their research into patents found that:

• Foreign nationals contributed to more than half of the international patents filed by companies such as Qualcomm (QCOM) (72%), Merck (MRK) (65%), General Electric (GE) (64%), Siemens (SI) (63%), and Cisco (CSCO) (60%). Their contributions were relatively small at Microsoft (MSFT) (3%) and General Motors (GM) (6%). Surprisingly, 41% of the patents filed by the U.S. government had foreign nationals listed as inventors.

• Foreign nationals contributed to 25.6% of all U.S. international patent applications in 2006, but the numbers were much higher in several states such as New Jersey (37%), California (36%), and Massachusetts (32%).

• In 2006, 16.8% of international patent applications from the U.S. had inventors with Chinese names and 36% of these (or 5.5% of the total) were foreign nationals. Similarly, 13.7% had Indian names and 40% (or 6.2% of the total) were foreign nationals.

• Both Indian and Chinese inventors tended to file most patents in the fields of medicine, pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, and electronics.

Wadwha also found that as of 2006 there were 1,181,505 educated and skilled professionals waiting to gain legal permanent-resident status. Those professionals, along with many of the 259,717 international students and 38,096 foreigners in practical training, want to live and work in the United States. Most will have to wait from between four to six years for visas, and during this time they could become disenfranchised with the process and decide to go home or to another country that grants easier access, like Canada.

In a 2003 survey, one in three professionals who had been through the immigration process were uncertain about staying in the U.S.

As a country we are in the enviable position of having skilled professionals wanting to come here to work, invent, and start businesses. We absolutely need to make sure that those who apply are granted visas quickly before they go somewhere else. There is no debate like with the immigration of unskilled workers, these are some of the best and brightest workers in the world and we are turning away hundreds of thousands because of an antiquated immigration system. These changes need to be made yesterday, and certainly need to be made before we lose anymore people to our competitors in the global market or even worse, before they stop wanting to come here at all.

The Illegal Immigration Problem Solved in Five Minutes!

The following video, despite its simple presentation, is a very smart, informative and dryly humorous look at the immigration debate in the United States. It is pretty long, around 15 minutes, but worth watching in its entirety.



The video does a good job illustrating the hypocrisy of immigrants scapegoating more recent immigrants for societal problems and also describes the immigration "debate" as one driven by xenophobia.

Daisy, the older cat, claims the powerful class uses two strategies to mobilize support for their interests.
1) They capitalize on people's fears and insecurities.
2) They unify people against a common enemy, the more defenseless the enemy the better.

Obviously this video is an oversimplification of the issues and and very biased towards one side of the debate, however that does not mean the information is not accurate or the message isn't valid. It also looks at the debate in a different way, and one line in particular stood out to me.

"We act like the laws that sort immigrants into legal or illegal types dropped out of the sky, directly from God. Of course not, laws are made and enforced by the dominant group in a society, generally to benefit themselves."

"You can attack people by making them illegal, you demonize them, you attribute every social ill you can think of to their presence."

It is true that we make the laws, so by changing the laws we can change the problem. I think that, at its essence, this is what immigration reform is all about. It is not about opening the floodgates to everybody and sacrificing security, as opponents sometimes imply, it is about understanding that the current problem is too convoluted to be solved, so going at it in a different way is a better option than maintaining the status quo.

NAFTA and Immigration Reform

Border issues and human migration are very important to Sarah Roberts. The Tucson, Ariz. nurse has been involved with the humanitarian aid group No More Deaths since its creation in 2004 and with Humane Borders before that. She also works with the Guatemala Project to help displaced families in Central America.

She has seen first-hand the desperation and suffering caused by the current immigration policy in the United States, particularly with Mexico.

"There is a planned policy of deterrence that means people will die in the desert, and the government is aware of that," she said. "The deterrent strategy of the government is to make it as uncomfortable as possible for people to try and come here to work, so ultimately that means that some people are going to die."

She said she would like to see not only comprehensive immigration reform but also the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Central American Free Trade Agreement.

"I think those [NAFTA and CAFTA] are what really drive people out of their homes. With these free trade agreements economies are flooded with cheap produce and cheap goods from other places, which forces people out because they aren't able to make a living," Roberts said.

This exacerbates the already overburdened immigration system in the United States. Adding Guatemalans and Salvadorans the the queue in Mexico makes legal migration an even more difficult route. This forces people to cross illegally, usually through the desert as Roberts said, a dangerous journey that claims many lives.

In the introduction to Revisiting NAFTA: Still not working for North America's workers, Jeff Faux writes that 14 years after NAFTA was implemented, " it is clear that the costs to workers outweighed the benefits in all three nations."

Overall, "In each nation, workers' share of the gains from rising productivity fell and the proportion of income and wealth going to those at the very top of the economic pyramid grew," according to Faux.

Specifically in Mexico, "Mexican employment did increase, but much of it in low-wage "maquiladora" industries, which the promoters of NAFTA promised would disappear. The agricultural sector was devastated and the share of jobs with no security, no benefits, and no future expanded. The continued willingness every year of hundreds of thousands of Mexican citizens to risk their lives crossing the border to the United States because they cannot make a living at home is in itself testimony to the failure of NAFTA to deliver on the promises of its promoters."

Greetings

Hello and welcome to A New Approach: Immigration Reform in the United States. This blog will attempt to chronicle the efforts being made around the country to reform immigration policy.

My name is Cameron Jones and as native of southern Arizona I know first-hand the benefits of immigration and the rich addition of cultures it brings to our country. But I also believe the current immigration policy is a flawed and inefficient one. It is for that reason that I chose to cover this topic for my blog.

Immigration reform is a controversial subject with strong opinions on both sides. Because it is a hot-button issue attempts at reforming the system have proven difficult. But with legal immigration taking years and illegal immigration putting a tremendous strain on public services, not to mention the estimated 12 to 15 million people already living illegally in the United States, the system is in dire need a comprehensive reform. Forcing people into the shadows hurts them and it hurts the United States, and I hope to find out what is being done, and what needs to be done, to improve immigration policy in this country.